George Essay Example For Students

George Essay George Washington George Washington is most popular as the Father of our Country. He caredfor this nation much like a parent would think about a youngster. During hispresidency, he tackled numerous important issues. His accomplishments prompted ademocratic, magnificent nation we like to call The United States of America. Despite the fact that hes not thought of as charming, George Washington is lookeduponwith the most extreme regard and wonder by all nations of the world. GeorgeWashington was conceived in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, 2. Virginia was frightened when a French campaign from Canada establishedpostson the headwaters of the Ohio River. Struggle over this region eventuallyeruptedinto the French and Indian War, where Washington played a significant militaryrole that built up his notoriety for being an officer. In the fall of 1758 theFrench were vanquished. In 1759 he wedded Martha Dandridge Custis, awealthyyoung widow. Washington developed into a strong individual from Virginia society. From 1759 to 1774 he served in the House of Burgesses. By 1774Washingtonhad become a key supporter of the frontier cause. That equivalent year he waselected to the First Continental Congress. In 1775 the Second ContinentalCongress chose Washington president of its military. In JulyWashington showed up in Massachusetts, where the fights at Lexington andConcord had been battled. The British pulled back the majority of their soldiers towinterin New York City, leaving dissipated armies of German hired fighters in NewJersey. On December 25 Washington drove his little armed force across theice-cloggedDelaware, effectively assaulted an army at Trenton, and re-crossed theDelaware without obstruction. In January 1777 close to Princeton, he defeatedthree British regiments walking to strengthen General Charles Cornwallis. TheBritish in the long run gave up. After the triumph, Washington dismissed a plan,which had support in the military, of setting up a government with himself inquiring. branches ought to have a huge hole between them. He additionally accepted that thepresident ought not impact Congress in the death of laws. Nonetheless, ifhedoes not concur with a specific bill, he has the intensity of vetoing it. He viewedtheresponsibilities of the president to a great extent as directing the laws of Congressand administering relations with different nations. Washington had set animportantprecedent when he accomplished the ability to name and excuse his owndepartment heads. Without this model, Congress could sneak behind thePresidents authority and permit undesirable division heads to remain in officeagainst the Presidents wishes. Washington was overjoyed about shaping hiscabinet, and he and his counselors acted with extraordinary vitality. Washingtonwas well prepared for crafted by building a structure of organization. Hehad an ability for combining his arrangements and activities to get satisfactory outcomes. In the first place, he obtained the important realities, which he weighed cautiously. Once hehad arrived at a choice, he did it with imperativeness and tirelessness. He wasnever lethargic in settling on choices for his nation. He generally acted instantly anddecisively. Careful, deliberate, precise, and, being mindful to detail alsodescribed his character. He anticipated a similar eagerness from each oneinhis organization. On September 24, 1789, Washington passed The JudiciaryAct, which set up a government court framework. Its fundamental highlights were given forby the Constitution. Since the president is viewed as the central authority offederal laws, it is his obligation to indict cases under the steady gaze of the government courts. In thiswork his operator is the lawyer general. The Judiciary Act of 1789 arranged sowell, that the vast majority of its fundamental highlights have made due until today. Washingtonbelieved firmly in the established interest that the official, legisla tive,andjudicial parts of the administration ought to be kept as isolated as could reasonably be expected. .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 , .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 .postImageUrl , .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 , .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407:hover , .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407:visited , .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407:active { border:0!important; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407:active , .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407:hover { haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f 858c4407 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u9d36806b647e7e1e0efbc48f858c4407:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Spirit Of Yeats EssayWashington didn't utilize his charm or office to impact administrative discussions. He felt that the President ought make an effort not to control the sorts of laws thatCongress passed. Notwithstanding, he accepted that in the event that he disliked a bill, hehadthe option to veto it. Washington accepted that the presidents obligations were toadminister the laws of Congress and direct relations with different nations. George Washington was the principal genuine pioneer of the recently brought into the world United Statesof America. He helped shape this nation to its Democratic flawlessness today. During his twofold named administration, he ran the nation with balance anddignity. It is no big surprise that Henry Lee articulated that well known commemoration: first in war, firstin harmony, and first in the hearts of his kinsmen.

Free Essays on E.A. Poe’s Insights On Insanity And The Workings Of The Human Psyche

There is one string that all would concur ties a large number of Poe’s cooperates . . . Murder and the craziness related with it. Where the activities of the human psyche are concerned, Poe puts to paper what many can't envision. This is particularly clear in his short stories, for example, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† in which the normal subjects are murder, craziness, and obscurity. We as a whole miracle what goes on in the brain of an individual driven so far over the verge of human mental soundness that they would really kill someone else. We wonder what could drive one individual to need to execute another. In contemplating the issues above, we regularly put ourselves aside in imagining that just the clearly and criminally crazy can do such a deed and no apparently typical individual could ever carry out such a grievous demonstration, particularly not anybody precious to us, however consider the possibility that it were to occur. Imagine a scenario where somebody near us were to wish us hurt and become exasperated enough to do that desire. In compelling us to pose these inquiries, Poe additionally centers around the functions of the human mind and all the more explicitly on the capacity of an apparently ordinary individual near the very edge of mental stability to submit crazy demonstrations of bleak fierceness. Moreover, consider the possibility that the individual carrying out the wrongdoing were you. Okay promptly perceive your craziness or attempt to accuse the person in question and attempt to persuade others that you were advocated in ending the life of another individual? It is t his very line of reasoning that Poe constrains one to dissect in his short stories loaded up with murder, madness, and haziness. A typical subject in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† is the storyteller being an apparently ordinary and impeccably rational individual to all others when in reality the case was definitely not. From the beginning of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† the storyteller endeavors to persuade the perusers that he is rational, â€Å"TRUE!- apprehensive extremely, awfully anxious I had b... Free Essays on E.A. Poe’s Insights On Insanity And The Workings Of The Human Psyche Free Essays on E.A. Poe’s Insights On Insanity And The Workings Of The Human Psyche There is one string that all would concur ties a large number of Poe’s cooperates . . . Murder and the madness related with it. Where the operations of the human brain are concerned, Poe puts to paper what many can't envision. This is particularly clear in his short stories, for example, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† in which the basic subjects are murder, madness, and dimness. We as a whole marvel what goes on in the psyche of an individual driven so far over the edge of human mental soundness that they would really kill someone else. We wonder what could drive one person to need to murder another. In contemplating the issues above, we regularly put ourselves aside in imagining that just the clearly and criminally crazy can do such a deed and no apparently ordinary individual could ever carry out such an egregious demonstration, particularly not anybody precious to us, yet consider the possibility that it were to occur. Imagine a scenario where somebody near us were to wish us hurt and become exasperated enough to do that desire. In compelling us to pose these inquiries, Poe additionally centers around the operations of the human mind and all the more explicitly on the capacity of an apparently typical individual near the precarious edge of mental stability to submit crazy demonstrations of dismal ruthlessness. Besides, imagine a scenario where the individual carrying out the wrongdoing were you. Okay promptly perceive your craziness or attempt to accuse the person in question and attempt to persuade others that you were advocated in ending the life of another individual? It is this very line of reasoning that Poe drives one to break down in his short stories loaded up with murder, craziness, and murkiness. A typical topic in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† is the storyteller being an apparently ordinary and impeccably rational individual to all others when in reality the case was definitely not. From the beginning of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† the storyteller endeavors to persuade the perusers that he is rational, â€Å"TRUE!- apprehensive incredibly, appallingly anxious I had b...

How Antisocial Personalities Can Lead to Alcoholism

How Antisocial Personalities Can Lead to Alcoholism Addiction Alcohol Use Print How Low Emotional Response Can Signal Later Alcohol Problems By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 10, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 07, 2018 More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery How alcoholics respond emotionally to both unpleasant and pleasant events may explain how some of them became alcoholics in the first place. Research has revealed that if someone with a severe alcohol use disorder displays low emotional responsiveness to even events that cause physical and mental stress it may reflect a dysfunction in regions of the brain that govern how they related to their environment and make adaptive decisions. If those brain regions are not functioning properly in childhood, children will be at high risk for developing conduct disorder, and later developing antisocial personality disorder, and eventually substance abuse disorders including alcoholism. The same brain dysfunction that causes low emotional responsiveness also leads to maladaptive, disinhibited behavior which can facilitate the development of alcoholism and other problems. Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder People with antisocial personality disorder may: Be able to act witty and charmingBe good at flattery and manipulating other peoples emotionsBreak the law repeatedlyDisregard the safety of self and othersHave problems with substance abuseLie, steal and fight oftenNot show guilt or remorseOften be angry or arrogant Diminished Reactions to Lifes Signals Despite their often subtle nature, emotional reactions hold a central position in determining how the brain regulates behavior, said Robert Miranda, Jr., a National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism postdoctoral fellow at Brown University and first author of the study. Through integration with cognitive processes, emotional reactions play an important role in learning and memory, evaluating variable environmental contingencies, and motivating adaptive behavior. There is considerable variability among individuals in terms of how emotionally reactive we are to different types of situations and events. These differences may indicate vulnerability to certain psychiatric conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders and addictions, he said. In the case of antisocial behavior and addictions, there may be diminished reactions to cues that signal aversive events, including punishment. Vulnerable to Criminal, Drug Problems Individuals who do not experience the appropriate amount of anxiety or negative emotion when threatened are unlikely to alter their behavior in response to the threat, said Peter R. Finn, professor of psychology at Indiana University, Bloomington. Psychopaths, for example, are a subset of people with antisocial personality disorder who show hyporesponsiveness to aversive stimuli. This study looks at reduced or hypo reactivity to aversive stimuli as evidence for poor inhibition, which may result in increased vulnerability to a wide range of problems, including criminal, alcohol and/or drug problems. In other words, this hyporesponsivity may be manifesting itself in the antisocial behavior as well as the excessive use of alcohol. Eye-Blink Startle Response Measured The NIAAA researchers compared three groups: 24 were alcohol dependent; 17 were alcohol dependent and had an antisocial personality disorder, and 21 controls were neither alcohol dependent nor had antisocial personality disorder. All 62 participants completed self-report questionnaires, clinical interviews, and had their eye-blink startle response measured while viewing photographs rated as pleasant, neutral and unpleasant. Blunted Emotional Responses We found that persons with co-existing alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder are different from alcoholics without antisocial personality disorder and non-antisocial personality disorder, non-alcoholic controls in their responsiveness to emotional cues, said Miranda. The control and non-antisocial personality disorder alcohol-dependent groups showed the normal linear increase in the eyeblink component of the startle reflex from pleasant to neutral to unpleasant stimuli. In contrast, alcoholics with antisocial personality disorder did not show the typical increase of startle in response to the unpleasant stimuli or the decrease in response to pleasant stimuli, he said. In short, their emotional responses appeared to be blunted. Importantly, all three groups rated the photographs similarly, ruling out the likelihood that response differences were due to altered subjective experiences of the photographs. Alcoholics Tend to Get Into Trouble Finn said these findings have both immediate and future applications. Alcoholics tend to get into trouble a lot, he said. Yet these individuals simply may not be as affected by the prospects of negative outcomes, and may, in fact, have problems inhibiting their behavior to avoid such outcomes. So, how are you going to provide treatment to antisocial alcoholics? Future studies, he added, need to focus on children who show evidence of behavioral problems but have yet to develop alcohol problems. We also need to understand what impact their environments may have on their emotional responsiveness, he said. Miranda agrees. Conduct disorder (CD), the childhood predecessor to antisocial personality disorder, is the most robust psychiatric risk factor for adolescent alcohol and drug use, he said. Numerous studies point to a consistent relationship between conduct problems in early and middle childhood and later drug use; those who show more conduct problems have higher levels of drug use and higher rates of drug-related problems.

Teenage Depression and Suicide - 1246 Words

â€Å"A dark brooding cloud was slowly casting a shadow across my mind.† â€Å"I felt weighed down, oppressed by the burden of having to face a new day.† â€Å"A crushing sense of hopelessness that was unlike anything I had ever experienced before† â€Å"It was as if something else had seized control of my mind.† â€Å"The darkness was spreading inside me like a cancer.† — These descriptions are how Cait Irwin, who suffered from depression as a teenager, described it. Teenage depression is a common but serious illness that can ultimately send some on a downward spiral towards suicide that can be averted if recognized and given the proper treatment. Countless teenagers experience some type of depression in their lifetime, but what exactly is depression and just†¦show more content†¦Two main types of psychotherapies—cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT)—are effective in treating depression. Th e goal of CBT is to change habitual patterns of thinking and acting that may be contributing to a person’s problems. In IPT, a person learns to help identify the problem that triggered a bout of depression, then learns the necessary social and communication skills to resolve that problem successfully. While both medication and psychotherapy are proved to help depression, a combination of the two appears to be the best method. In a recent study of 439 depressed adolescents, 71% improved by the combination treatment of medication and psychotherapy, better than the 61% who responded to medication alone and 43% for psychotherapy alone. (Irwin, Evans, and Wasmer 80). Somehow or other, treatment for depression seems to work at least partly by correcting imbalances in brain chemicals. However, many people with a depressive disorder never seek treatment even though the majority, even those with the most severe depression, can get better with treatment (â€Å"National Institute of Me ntal Health†). According to the NDSUH, only 34.7% of teens who had major depression this past year received treatment. This means nearly 2/3 of the teens who had major depression did not receive any treatment (â€Å"Major Depressive Episode and Treatment Among Adolescents: 2009†). It is crucial that teens suffering from depression receive treatment before theyShow MoreRelatedTeenage Depression - Teen Suicide1399 Words   |  6 Pages Teen Suicide Over the past few years’ teenage depression has drastically increased due to multiple factors such as peer pressure and bullying. According to Linda Lamb’s article Young People Can Suffer From Depression, Too,† The suicide rate among teenagers [today] is about 10 per 100,000†. A handout from the Health and Human Services Department and National Institute of Mental Health stated,† in the last 25 years, the rate of suicide among teenagers and young adults has increased dramatically.†Read MoreTeenage Depression and Suicide Essays1790 Words   |  8 Pagesof how Cait Irwin, who suffered from depression as a teenager, described it. They show how awful and frightening depression during the teenage years can be. Depression and suicide are closely linked. â€Å"In fact, about two-thirds of all people who die by suicide have some type of depressive disorder† (Irwin 47). Teenage depression is a common but serious illness that can ultimately send s ome teenagers on a downward spiral towards suicide, but depression and suicide both can be averted if the symptomsRead MoreTeen Depression : The Problem Of Teenage Depression, And Teen Suicide721 Words   |  3 PagesTeen depression is a definite topic most people are unaware of and depression is a worldwide issue and is the leading disability. Depression can lead to many things, from anxiety to thoughts of suicide. Things like social media is a big cause of depression. Everyone has those days where they are feeling sad or maybe even just having a bad day. Sometimes, it goes even more downhill. When it turns into something major, it becomes a real problem. Some people ignore the issue, brushing it off as a â€Å"phaseRead MoreTeenage Suicide1064 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage Suicide Suicide is intentional self-inflicted acts that end in death(Suicide, Comptons). After a series of traumatic events, normal coping abilities can be pushed over the edge; the result may be suicide. In each year, an average of 30,000 suicide deaths occur in the United States. It is estimated that 5,000 of those suicides are committed by teenagers(SA\VE, 2). One major reason that the suicide rate among teenagers is so high, is that the teenage years are a period of commotionRead MoreDepression Is The First Leading Cause Of Suicide1496 Words   |  6 PagesToday in America, depression is the first leading cause of suicide. Reported in recent statistics, every year, thousands of people succeed in taking their lives and even more have attempted suicide at some point (Hyde and Held 8). Although it is an afflicting concern today, depression dates back to centuries ago, but wasn t fully recognized as a clinical illness until the 1960 s. At this point, depression treatment was only available to adults because it was so unlikely for adolescents to experienceRead MoreTeenage Depression And Teen Depression792 Words   |  4 Pages Teen depression, which is also known as adolescent depression, is a growing problem in today’s society. Depression among teenagers is overlooked by many and is often mistaken for â€Å"normal† teenage behavior. This mental illness is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Depression is predominantly seen amongst young women who are transitioning into adulthood. Teenagers are at a point in their lives where they come face to face with the reality of peer pressure and a milestone in becomingRead MoreSuicide Among Teenagers1095 Words   |  5 Pages Suicide is the third-leading cause of death among 15 to 24-year-old (Green, Paragraph 1) Teenage suicide is the intentional act made by teenagers usually below the age of 19 to take their lives. Suicide is not thought of in a day. It is a series of processes that goes on in the mind before manifesting. Although, during these processes there are visible signs that shows a prospective suicidal person. There are factor s that trigger and cause the act of suicide in a teenager. Most of these factorsRead MoreTeenage Suicide : A Devastating Event1509 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage Suicide When I was undergoing my journey through high school, there was a devastating event that affected the entire school from that point on; one of my fellow classmates had committed suicide. It was heart breaking to hear what had happened to someone at such a young age. A teenage boy drove to a spot in North Carolina where his dad had committed suicide just a few years ago. In that same exact place where his dad committed suicide, he decided to take his own life. According to WorldRead MoreRisk Factors of Teenage Suicide1217 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage suicide is a major national public health concern facing America today. Thousands of teenagers commit suicide each year. Many experts believe that teenage suicide is often due to unpredictable circumstances and can be contributed to hormonal impulses. However, recent case findings and statistics prove that this is not necessarily true. Although some teenage suicides may be the result of youthful and impulsive actions, certain risk factors, signs, and symptoms can contribute to self-inflictedRead More Teenage Suicide Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are at

Should The Death Penalty Be Legal - 985 Words

Ben Goble Mr. Newman English Comp. November 4, 2015 Should the Death Penalty be Legal? The death penalty, also called capital punishment, has been a topic of debate among the public for many years, gaining very little ground in changing the legality of it one way or the other. The topic is very controversial because many people feel that it is wrong to take the life of another person. On the other hand a very comparable number of people push for the legality of capital punishment for condemning convicted criminals that have committed a crime of a certain degree. For example murder, rape, kidnapping, human trafficking, and drug trafficking. Another reason behind the skepticism of capital punishment are the morals influencing the sentencing of the accused. As former President George W. Bush said, â€Å"I don’t think you should support the death penalty to seek revenge. I don’t think that’s right. I think the reason to support the death penalty is because it saves other people’s lives.† This quote is a good example of the morals needed in order for the death penalty to be an effective method of punishment and deterrent for future crimes. Capital punishment has been around since the years of the new testament in biblical history. The earliest known and regulated use of capital punishment was by King Hammurabi of Babylon. He used the death penalty as punishment for twenty-five different crimes and held trials to determine if the accused were guilty or not. In the seventh centuryShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal The death penalty should not be legal because of two major reasonings. These reasons are, the death penalty takes the lives of many innocent people, and it also costs too much. The death penalty should not be legal because innocent people are wrongly convicted and killed. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, it puts innocent lives at risk. At least 4.1% of all defendants sentenced to death in the United States in the modern era are innocent (DeathRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty can be traced all the way to biblical times when people were executed for many reasons such as: for not believing in their god(s), choosing to interact in sexual conduct while unmarried, stealing, murder, etc. The methods of execution back in those times were to either: stone, hang, slay, crucify, and burn not only the offender who committed the crime, but if he or she had a family, the entire family was executed with them as a warning to the people of their tribe or city to notRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1004 Words   |  5 Pagesabolish death penalty† (Bosman). In thirty-one states, federal government and military legal system, the death penalty is lawful. Even the Supreme Court has been changed direction of capital punishment. One day, it could be a legal and illegal by the Supreme Court. Most of European countries ban the death penalty except Belarus that if a criminal involve international terrorism, murdered, inhumane crime and the criminal receives death penalty. Nowadays, banned the death penalty becomeRead MoreDeath Penalty Should Be Legal943 Words   |  4 PagesDo you think that death penalty will give justice for the innocent lives? The death penalty continues to be an issue of controversy in the whole world because people have different beliefs for giving justice to the innocents. For some people, they want it legal because death penalty will give justice for the innocent victims and a form of vengeance to the criminals. On the flipside, other people don’t agree with it because a lot of innocents are putting into death. These people believe that it isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1573 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many legal issues that come along with the death penalty. Ratified on December 15, 1791, The United States Bill of Rights states in its eight amendment, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† (8th Amendment to the Constitutio n). The Supreme Court stated during the 1958 case of Trop v. Dulles, that the 8th amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturingRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1555 Words   |  7 Pageshave on a person? The death penalty, or capital punishment, is one of the most debated topics in America. It has been used for centuries, but many claim it to be barbaric, and want the practice to end all together. The death penalty should only be used in cases where there is absolute evidence that the criminal is guilty, because life in prison can be an alternative, there are many flaws in the justice system, and it can be a cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty is legal in 32 states, theRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1554 Words   |  7 Pagesreceive the death penalty. Some say it is what they deserve, while others say that it is a â€Å"cruel and unusual†punishment. States, such as New Jersey, have already banned the penalty, but some states are still pending on whether to have the penalty or to follow New Jersey’s path . If you were to go and ask people why they are against the death penalty, they would say it is because it goes against morality, constitutionality, and the irrevocable mistakes of putting the wrong person to death. WhenRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1553 Words   |  7 Pagescalled problems with our system of justice is the death penalty. Capital punishment in this country seems to have its pros and cons. There are more issues and complications with being sentenced to death, while the positives are minuscule. The death penalty should not be allowed in the United States, and there are many reasons for this argument. The death penalty has caused controversy in the country since it became popular. 31 states use the death penalty and is also used by the military. Its use isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal Essay2884 Words   |  12 Pagesis the death penalty - should it be legalized across the 50 states or be declared unconstitutional? Some believe the death penalty is a better option for those who deserve the highest form of punishment available. However, others argue capital punishment is a waste of resources and should be brought to an end. Therefore, while many believe the death penalty should be legalized throughout the United States because it offers a higher form of punishment, others believe the death penalty should be repealedRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Legal?1638 Words   |  7 PagesShould the death penalty be legal or be abolished? Laws and regulations vary from nation to nation. Attitudes towards the capitalism, as well, vary from person to person. The death penalty, it seems, has become more debatable topic than ever. Although some people think capital punishment, just like death penalty, is a inhuman act which against human s rights for life and it is too cruel to give the criminals another chance to live a new life. I suppose capital punishment is still an effective

Local Education Authority (LEA) Free Essays

Recommendation of Report It is recommended that the â€Å"Jolly Phonics† system is not purchased by the Local Education Authority because there is a plethora of similar, free resources available to teachers. Summary of Supporting Evidence Phonics work is an integral part of all primary teaching and development of a strong foundation in reading at the individual word level is vital if children are to perform well in more advance whole-text challenges (Ehri and Snowling, 2004). Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to manipulate phonemes, the basic units of sounds that make up a language. We will write a custom essay sample on Local Education Authority (LEA) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This awareness has repeatedly been shown to play an important part in developing basic reading and spelling abilities (Bird, Bishop and Freeman, 1995; Ehri et al., 2001; Goswami and Bryant, 1990; Torgesen, Wagner and Rashotte, 1994, Cardoso-Martins, Mesquita and Ehri, 2011) and it is right to be included in the curriculum. Jolly Phonics (http://jollylearning.co.uk) aims to teach children the basics of literacy through the use of synthetic phonics, which are allocated to one of seven groups. Children are taught in five stages that comprise learning the letter sound, learning letter formation, blending, identifying the sounds in words and learning irregularly spelt words. Use of Jolly Phonics with children lacking in basic reading ‘readiness’ has been found to increase reading age by up to 2 years and 7 months in comparison to a control group (Ekpo et al., 2007) and Stuart (1999) found that the Jolly Phonics system is successful with both English speaking children and children for whom English is a second language. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that Jolly Phonics could be a worthwhile investment. Theories of Reading and Spelling Theories of reading are still under debate. However, the way in which children learn new words, and recognise words they have already read, can be separated into four main theories (Ehri, 2006): Phonological recoding is where children sound out and blend either syllables or graphemes, which are the smallest, meaningful units in a language. This approach requires the aforementioned phonemic awareness. Analogising (Goswami, 1986) involves the use of words a child is already familiar with to help them read new words. For example, a child who knows the word ‘fountain’ may use this to read the word ‘mountain.’ Prediction (Goodman, 1970; Tunmer and Chapman, 1998) is when the child uses context and letter clues to try and guess an unfamiliar word. Memory or sight means that the child recognises a word through the visual memory of seeing it before. Despite a wealth of evidence in favour of the phonemic recoding approach to reading and spelling, other theories exist and their supporters have argued that phonemic learning may not be the only basis on which children can build their literacy skills. For example, there is the theory of ‘Mental Orthographic Representation’ (MOR) (Apel and Masterson, 2001; Apel, 2009), which is the ability to store a mental representation of the written forms that spoken language take and recognise words by matching them to one’s stored representation (Mayall et al., 2001). This theory would come under the ‘memory and sight’ umbrella as opposed to the more audiological basis of phonological recoding. Recent evidence has suggested that MOR could develop independently of phonemic awareness, contrary to previous belief, and could also be used to predict literacy development (Apel, Wolter and Masterson, 2006; Treiman and Kessler, 2006, Nation, Angell and Castles, 2007). T herefore, too much focus on phonemic awareness through use of the Jolly Phonic system could be denying children of other vital skills they need to read and spell successfully. However, it is believed that dyslexic children have trouble recognising new words because of poor phonemic awareness (Snowling, 1981; Bruck, 1992) and it is stipulated that they are relying on the aforementioned memory and sight of words when trying to decode a novel word. Dyslexic children struggle because they have no visual memory of the word and cannot rely on phonemic awareness to try and decode it. Therefore, they are unable to read the new word. This suggests that development of phonemic awareness should perhaps dominate the way in which children are taught to read and spell successfully. Value for Money In conclusion, although there is strong evidence that the ‘Jolly Phonics’ system and an emphasis on developing phonemic awareness could greatly improve children’ literacy skills, it is based on a materials that could be accessed and utilised by teachers in a more cost-effective way. There are numerous free resources available on the internet, for example, the Mr Thorne Does Phonics (www.mrthorne.com) website contains a collection of child friendly videos broken down into ‘phases’ and designed to teach children phonemic awareness in a fun and engaging manner. Using such a structured programme could distract teachers from supplementing children’s reading with other sources such as story-books, which could help develop other aspects of reading such as semantics and use of imagination. For example, it has been claimed that a good grasp of phonemes can only account for up to 40% of a child’s reading ability (Manis, Doi and Bhadha, 2000; Cunningham, Perry and Stanovich, 2001) and Cunningham (1990) found that reading ability was significantly improved in a group of children who received phonemic awareness training that explicitly detailed the use, value and application of phonemic awareness in the act of reading as opposed to the procedural type of training provided by systems such as Jolly Phonics. Therefore, it is important that teachers don’t come to rely solely on the Jolly Phonics system, something that could be encouraged in light of its expense. Sources of Further Information http://www.jollylearning.co.uk – website for the Jolly Phonics program, which includes case studies. http://www.tes.co.uk – a plethora of free teaching resources that could be used as an inexpensive alternative to the Jolly Phonics system. http://www.mrthorne.com – a collection of child friendly videos designed to teach the phonics system. ‘Learning to Read Words: Theory, Findings, and Issues’ by Linnea C. Ehri – a comprehensive review on the different theories of reading, available at http://www.wce.wwu.edu/Depts/SPED/Forms/Kens%20Readings/reading/Readings/Ehri%20Word%20Learning.pdf. References Apel, K. and Masterson, J.J. (2001) Theory-guided spelling assessment and intervention: A case study. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 32, pp. 182-195. Apel, K., Wolter, J.A. and Masterson, J.J. (2006) Effects of phonotactic and orthotactic probabilities during fast-mapping on five year olds’ learning to spell. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29(1), pp. 21-42. Apel, K. (2009) The acquisition of mental orthographic representations for reading and spelling development. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 31(1), pp. 42-52. Bird, J., Bishop, D.V.M. and Freeman, N.H. (1995) Phonological awareness and literacy development in children with expressive phonological impairments. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38(2), pp. 446-462. Bruck, M. (1992) Persistance of dyslexic’s phonological awareness deficits. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), pp. 874-886. Cardoso-Martins, C., Mesquita, T.C.L. and Ehri, L. (2011) Letter names and phonological awareness help children to learn letter-sound relations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109(1), pp. 25-38. Cunningham, A.E. (1990) Explicit versus implicit instruction in phonemic awareness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, pp. 429-444. Cunningham, A.E., Perry, K.E. and Stanovich, K.E. (2001) Converging evidence for the concept of orthographic processing. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(5-6), pp. 549-568. Ehri, L.C., Nunes, S.R., Willows, D.M., Schuster, B.V., Yaghoub-Zadeh, Z. and Shanahan, T. (2001) Phonemic awareness instruction helps children learn to read: Evidence from Reading Panel’s meta-analysis. Reading Research Quarterly, 36, 250-287. Ehri, L.C. and Snowling, M. J. (2004) Developmental variation in word recognition. In: C.A. Stone, E.R. Silliman, B.J. Ehren and K. Apel eds. Handbook of language and literacy. New York: Guilford, pp. 433-461. Ehri, L.C. (2006) Learning to read words: Theory, findings, and issues. Scientific Studies of Reading, 92(2), pp. 167-188. Ekpo, C.M., Udosen, A.E., Afangideh, M.E., Ekukinam, T.U. and Ikorok, M.M. (2007) Jolly phonics strategy and the ESL pupils’ reading development: a preliminary study. Paper presented at 1st Mid Term Conference held at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State: Nigeria. Goodman, K. (1970) Behind the eye: What happens in reading. In: K. Goodman and O. Niles eds. Reading: Process and Program. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, pp. 3-38. Goswami, U. (1986) Children’s using of analogy in learning to read: A developmental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 42, pp. 73-83. Goswami. U. and Bryant, P. (1990) Phonological skills and learning to read. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum. Jolly Learning Ltd. [no date]. Teaching Literacy with Jolly Phonics [online]. Available from http://jollylearning.co.uk [Accessed 23 February 2013]. Manis, F.R., Doi, L.M. and Bhadha, B. (2000) Naming speed, phonological awareness, and orthographic knowledge in second graders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(4), pp. 325. Mayall, K., Humphreys, G.W., Mechelli, A., Olson, A. and Price, C.J. (2001) The effects of case mixing on word recognition: Evidence from a PET study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(6), pp. 844-853. Mr Thorne Productions (2013) Mr Thorne Does Phonics [online]. Available at: http://www.mrthorne.com [Accessed 23 February 2013]. Nation, K., Angell, P. and Castles, A. (2007) Orthographic learning via self-teaching in children learning to read English: Effects of exposure, durability, and context. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 96, pp. 71-84. Torgesen, J.K., Wagner, R.K. and Rashotte, C.A. (1994) Longitudinal studies and phonological processing and reading. Journal of Learning Disabilities. Treiman, R. and Kessler, B. (2006) Spelling as statistical learning: Using consonantal context to spell vowels. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(3), pp. 141-170. Tumner, W. and Chapman, J. (1998) Language prediction skill, phonological recoding ability and beginning reading. In: C. Hulme and R. Joshi eds. Reading and Spelling: Development and Disorders. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., pp. 33-67. Snowling, M.J. (1981) Phonemic deficits in developmental dyslexia. Psychological Research, 43(2), pp. 219-234. Stuart, M. (1999) Getting ready for reading: Early phoneme awareness and phonics teaching improves reading and spelling in inner-city second language learners. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, pp. 587-605. How to cite Local Education Authority (LEA), Essay examples

Philosophy4 Essay Example For Students

Philosophy4 Essay There are three points that I will discuss in this paper. The first one refers to the mistakes that are often made when referring to faith, and trust. I will show the differences between the two statements and explain why there is a difference. The second point I will discuss is the hierophany that exists in some relationships. I will tell why hierophany is important but should not be the basis of a relationship. The third point I will discuss is man’s ultimate goal to move towards or away from unity. 1.Faith and trust are two words that are often confused or used in place of each other. The major difference between the two concepts is that trust exists in the physical and faith exists in the metaphysical. Trust is based mainly on a person’s ability to rationalize. Since trust is based on a person’s ability to rationalize it is limited by the physical realm. Rationalization is a limitation, and limitations only exist in the physical realm. Faith goes beyond rationalization, faith moves in to the realm of awareness, which exists in the metaphysical. 2.Man has a never-ending quest to reach wholeness or unity. To find unity one must recognize the being â€Å"†which will enable them to go on to find unity. Human beings are incomplete, therefore this concept of unity reflects the concept of light. Human beings by their very nature are built incomplete and are constantly in search for unity to help them become complete. The relationship of love can help man complete himself but without the recognition of the being â€Å"I† one can never be complete. The other concept that must be present while searching for unity is freedom. This is true because without freedom the being â€Å"I† can never be found and without the being â€Å"I† being recognized unity is impossible. The concept of freedom allows change. Change is necessary when searching for the being â€Å"I†. In a concept called cyclic time there is no freedom. Cyclic time is the concept of reincarnation, and because there is no freedom in reincar nation there is no freedom in cyclic time. The concept of linear time, on the other hand, allows for freedom to be present. Linear is movement, movement is change, and change implies freedom. Freedom allows for man to find the being â€Å"I† and his search for unity. If a man has the ability to search for oneness than he is consequently choosing what happens in his life, therefore he is controlling his destiny. 3.The concept of hierophany is the unique way in which man expresses his relationship to someone or something. This is a very important part of a relationship though, because without it the relationship may seem weak and unconvincing. In Greek, the word hierophany means â€Å"higher manifestation†. Throughout the course of history man has placed a very high value on inanimate items such as a baseball card, a signed baseball, a toy or a diary, which to another person the item may seem worthless. The reason the item would seem worthless is because of the sentiment al value that this item holds. The person can never fully understand what this item may mean to someone because they did not take part in the movement that made this item important to the owner. They may try to understand it but they will never take part in the full worth of the object. Hierophany, although important, should not be the basis of any relationship because of the emotions that are attached to the concept of hierophany. This is true because emotions are always changing and may become instable over time, therefore causing the relationship to become just as instable. Hierophany should only be used to strengthen the existence of a relationship that already exists. .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 , .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .postImageUrl , .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 , .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940:hover , .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940:visited , .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940:active { border:0!important; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940:active , .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940 .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e47fe13981c51faa48773f2a42f9940:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock - Characteristic Downfall EssayBibliography:

Compensation and Benefits

An employee is a vital component to an organization. Management of this component is essential for an organization to achieve success. The main objective of an organization is making profit and be successful in keeping her competitors at bay.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Compensation and Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firms which have been able to unite brains have been able to achieve their set goals. Organizations need to ensure that the positions in the organization are filled and anytime there is a vacant position, appropriate actions need to be undertaken to ensure the positions remain filled (Stoner, Freeman Gilbert, 2003). This will ensure that there is no backlog of work and that the firm’s systems are operational at any given time. The employee is responsible for the implementation of the firms plan. Sound human resource policies are important in the selection and recruitme nt of employees. This will ensure that the firm has the right people to fill various positions (Koontz, 1961). Good working conditions and a competitive salary is also vital to motivate the employees towards achieving the organization dream. Human resources, a body responsible for hiring and firing employees, are tasked to prepare salary scales of the workers to be approved by top-level management. The article aims to discuss compensations and benefits system. In addition, the importance of Holland Enterprises to increase its expenditure base to enhance organizational success is also discussed. How an effective compensation and benefit system contributes to organizational effectiveness Compensation and benefits system of an organization is vital to cope with the day-to-day competition posted by competing firms. This scheme helps ensure employees are motivated at all times. According to recent researches, employee motivation is directly related to the level of production in that the more an employee feels he is cared for the more he will be induced to contribute fully to the firm’s revenue (Bonner et al., 2006). An effective benefit system ensures that all company employees are taken care of as far as their salaries, enumerations and benefit schemes are concerned. In addition, an effective system ought to be in line with the market levels. Compensations are either monetary or non-monetary.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Monetary compensation has money value attached to it while the non-monetary compensation entails recognition and improving working environment. The appreciation of an achievement is enough to retain a worker in the firm. Firms with a strong reward system have managed to keep employees in their systems for long as compared to firms with weak or no compensation systems at all (Bell, 2007). Organizational culture is a neces sity in the success of a firm. An effective compensations and benefits system helps nurture this culture. The designation of a compensation system is in accordance to the company objectives and goals. Therefore, given the reinforcement of the organizational culture, companies will relatively realize massive success. Compensation and benefits system is designed primarily incorporating the objectives of the firm (Bell, 2007). The aforementioned initiative is meant to entwine a benefit with a goal; a benefit is attached to the achievement of a goal. In addition, the harmonization of an organization compensation strategy enables the firm to retain the already attracted talent. This retained talent is important to the success of the firm in that it has massive experience to be used to the advantage of the firm. In accordance to the recruitment requirements of most organizations, trainings are part of the process. Losing of these brains to the competitors is a double tragedy to the firm a s important information about the firm will be lost to the competitors. Organization information in the hands of a competitor is harmful to the company-formulated policies as the competitor can counter the firm’s moves. Retaining the trained and talented staff is paramount to maintain the organization’s secrets and use them to the company’s advantage. This is achieved through the establishment of a sound compensation and benefits systems that covers all the employees. Attracting and retaining the right personnel in the firm enhances success. This is because of the competence that transforms the daily operations in the firm. The competent individuals streamline the systems resulting to customer satisfaction, hence the increase of business. Employees are sensitive to the equitability in the salary scales, and for firms to realize massive motivation. Compensations systems help root out inequitable systems that lower morale hence increasing organizational success. T he principle components of a typical compensation and benefit system for a large-scale organization Organization compensation and benefits philosophy helps a firm to attract and retain competent well skilled employees. Constant review of this philosophy is important to ensure it is in line with the market and individual performance. In giving a competitive package in terms of salaries and other initiatives, an organization is able to attract brilliant brains from competing firms.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Compensation and Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is vital to the thriving of the firm’s activities. The philosophy review ought to address the individual unrelenting service to the firm in each level. This ensures the recognition of individual contribution to the success of the firm. Performance of individuals is related to the business unit success. The company philosophy e nsures that successful units are both recognized with monetary or non-monetary rewards. This encourages competition within units of the company hence enhancing the amount of revenues. Moreover, a firm’s philosophy is about the wellbeing of the employee; this is looked in terms of the health, and other retirement benefits. A nice philosophy is sensitive to the life of an employee and how the worker skills can be improved in terms of additional training in the field of specialization (Bonner et al., 2006). Compensation benefits systems need to be sensitive when designing an all inclusive pay structure. A well-designed structure needs to factor in both internal and external salary grading. The system’s compliance with the labor legislations together with the market salary wave is important (Bonner et al., 2006). Salary scales need to match with those in the market. Subsequent benefits need to be better than for the traditional competitors. The pay structure that addresses the expectations of the employees is a necessity if a system is to be stable. The difference between job grades need to be based on merit and the level of responsibility to ensure that employees do not feel discriminated. This will maintain mutual respect and avoid sabotages at the work place. Ratio of base pay to incentive pay is an important component of a compensation and benefits systems. An organization system rewards need to be based on the dedication of employees to service. The ratio between base pay and incentives vary between employees of different levels. Base pay increase needs to be based on the extra hours an employee has sacrificed on behalf of the firm. The reward will encourage additional dedication from the employee and induce others to follow suit. In addition, the system can give a pay rise in relation to the job skills of an employee. The increase in incentive pay is meant to trigger performance. A higher pay will highly motivate employees. Equity is the nerve of a compensation and benefits systems. Employees need to be treated with utmost respect and need to feel equal with their fellow employees and colleagues in competing firms. This is a sensitive issue to balance and it calls for extensive research to ascertain the salary and remuneration levels applied in the market.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees feel motivated when they feel they are considered equal with their colleagues. Any act of inequality will affect the firm’s success negatively as it demoralizes the worker. Transparent systems nurture trust among employees and also their trust towards the organization. Avoidance of secrets in the compensation system is paramount to nurture motivation and prevent worker exits. Compensation and benefits systems are manmade and therefore prone to errors. However, the strategy is to enable it fully comply with the postulated legislations which guide workers. The strategy of this system is to keep the competitive advantage of a firm while maintaining the satisfaction of employees. The system rewards effort and endurance by workers. Pay and rewards increases with increase in the performance levels. The employees’ life is important and the certainties of the future through sound retirement policies are important to motivate and keep employees in an organization for long periods (Bunderson, 2003). In accordance to the vivid explanation, it is paramount for Holland enterprise to increase the margin of its compensation and benefits expenditure. The initiative is prudent as the discussion elaborates the benefits to be accrued when an employee is taken care of. References Bell, S. T. (2007). Deep-level composition variables as predictors of team performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 595-615. Bonner, B. L., Baumann, M.R., Lehn, A. K., Pierce, D. M. and Wheeler, E. C. (2006). Modeling collective choice; decision making on complex intellective tasks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36: 617-33. Bunderson, J. S. (2003). Recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups: a status characteristics perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48: 557-91. Koontz, H. (1961). The Management theory jungle. In Journal of the Academy of Management, December. Stoner J., Freeman R., Gilbert, l R. (2003). Management, Sixth Editi on. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. This research paper on Compensation and Benefits was written and submitted by user Santino Salazar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method †Computer Science Research Paper

Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method – Computer Science Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method Computer Science Research Paper Object oriented methods and structural oriented methods have played important role which has significant impact in software development. The popularity of object oriented technology has grown dramatically, because of their new techniques. This can provide high-quality software and full-scale projects were developed that proved the promise. In addition, the object oriented approach views a system as a collection of interacting objects. Objects are capable of behaviors that call methods and that allow the objects to interact with other and with people using the systems. However, the functional oriented method approach differs from the object oriented method. It means that the structural oriented method approach views a system as a collection of processes and done by computes. In addition, It executes processes interact with data entities and processes accept inputs and produce outputs. Therefore, this essay will look at the view in which object oriented methods with functional oriented methods in software development and their views for these two techniques. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the role of object oriented method in software development, industrial use of object oriented techniques. Object oriented method can increase design quality, improve productivity in software development. This technique can cause system that is a collection of interacting objects and objects interact with people and each other. They have many kinds of method that using in software development such as use cases, interface object, object oriented structured design â€Å"OOSD† and object oriented programming. According to research by Satzinger, Jackson and Burd (2000, pp. 221-227), it is affirmed that â€Å"the object-oriented approach uses the term use case to describe an activity the system carries out in response to an event†. This study demonstrates that a use case is a special sequence of transactions. It leads to system interacting with a user in dialogue and a user can be an object which represents anyone that is external to the system and interacts. Thus, it can be said that the use cases are handled during a great number of activities. Moreover, Sodhi and Sodhi (1996, pp.149-169) state that interface object explain between users and the system in software development. This study also indicates that all communication between users and the system goes through interface object. In addition, several use cause uses can be reached via one interface object. However, one use case may communicate with outside system via another interface object, so it can be said that interface object is one kinds of important thing in software development because that can represent all communication between users and the system in software development process. According to research by Sodhi and Sodhi (1996, pp. 162-168), it is confirmed that object oriented structured design â€Å"OOSD† is to support system into software architecture. This study demonstrates that this method approaches are based on the identification of the classes of objects in a system and the classes explain their class’s behavior and structure. These classes are derived from classes tha t have used previous designs and support reused. Furthermore, this methods can bring many kinds of benefits that increase design quality, improve productivity and it can be used for many different type of programming language such as C++ and Java. The most important is object oriented structured design supports reuse of designs. As a result, a generic class’s resource can be used in the derived class for many system and application. Moreover, Narayanan, Bodner, Sreekanth, Govindarai and al (1998, pp.1-6) state that â€Å"object-oriented programming has been revolutionizing software development and maintenance†. Their study shows that object oriented programming â€Å"OOP† has a major effect on implementation via its facilitation of modular design and software reusability. It has some features such as encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. These features can build simulation models and implement reusable classes and store them in a software library. Thus, t hat can be rapid development. Consequently, it can be said that object oriented method can be easily reused, refined, tested, maintained and extended in software development. This methodologist can be improving problem area in existing techniques and help them avoid these problems when developing new techniques. Object oriented techniques â€Å"OOT† impact industrial from one generation to next generation. Although object oriented methods is a complete different with structural oriented, its techniques impetus industrial tend to save cost, save time, high quality. Thus, this techniques lead to developing a flexible manufacturing control system. According to research by Bruccoleri, Diega and Perrone (2003, pp. 1-5), it is confirmed that object oriented techniques improve manufacturing control system. This study shows that business organizations need to develop to their system in flexible and automation ways. Their system need to support uncertainties from internal or external environments. For instance, flexible manufacturing system â€Å"FMS† component can be modeled as an object that provide some kinds of function such as interacts with several other objects, so extendible, developing reusable and modifiable control software for FMS using UML diagrams are caused by this method ology. As a result, OOT is significant impact in industrial. Furthermore, Chin and Gary (1997, pp.1-5) state that OOT can change the component depend on the real environment. This study also indicates that modeling of actual devices and process can make the real-world system which can enable the computer model to change accordingly with real-world changes in actual physical devices. As a result, it assures the working process that has the result of determinism, save cost and real-time control and it is suitable for chemical process industries. Thereby, it can be concluded that object oriented techniques bring flexible for development process in business and it usually use in chemical process, because the result are needed determinism, real-time control. Functional-oriented designed methods decompose a system into the interacting functions which able to minimize amount of system state information and share information explicit. Thus, the management of the complexity program is become efficiency. According to Alpuente and Falaschi and Vidal (1998, p. 53) â€Å"Functional logic programs which is able to automatically improve program performance without changing the computational meaning and which still guarantees termination.† This research indicates that the function-oriented method in software development is benefit on integral program performance. Subsequently, the output of the functional-oriented is depended by a single input and is not affected by the input history. In this program method, the system is implemented as a continuous loop and actions are started until the order. Many kind of system which involves transaction-processing systems and business data-processing systems are fell into this class. Such as customer acc ount, microprocessor control applications and automated teller machine Hoffer and George and Valacich(1999, pp.319-320). This research indicates that the functional-oriented use in business and industries program extensively. Functional-oriented program can be designed by the several methods which involve data flow diagram, structured English, decision tables and decision tree. According to Hoffer and George and Valacich(1999, pp. 277-317) , software development of function-oriented is usually followed by the process modeling diagrams. These diagrams which illustrate the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system in several symbols are clearly indicate the program structure to the user and editor Therefore, software cost is saved by structured analysis techniques implementation. This research support that the structures of functional-oriented which reduce requirements flaw fix time is made the program implementation productivity. Con sequently, it can be said that functional-oriented designed method which improve the program performance and productivity is generally used in industries and business program. The functional-oriented techniques are extensively used in industries program which involve data processing, transaction processing and process control. Functional-oriented design is following the centralized management control. Thus function may also maintain local state information until their execution. For example, automatic teller machines which installed outside of the branch are controlled by transaction processing system. It operates the service to a user independently and do not interact with each other and there by the system state maintained by the program is minimal (Satzinger Jackson Burd, 2000, pp.170-184). This research support that the functional-oriented would probably significantly more maintainable in business program. Furthermore, centralize management is variety use in business and industries program. Johnson (1997, pp. 213-251) researches that the programs which are in database store procedures to extensions to the SQL language. The SQL language allows the dif ferent level of procedural logic to be executed as part of an SQL call. A functional extension of database triggers, which are used for expressing integrity constraints and business rules. This research indicates the use of functional-oriented in database program is essential. Subsequently, compare with both of the designed method in business model, object-oriented development performance may not better than procedural development. Potok and Vouk(1997 pp.12-15) research that â€Å"the relationship between the business model and the productivity that a software development methodology can achieve a commercial environment under that model are explored.† Consequently, the object-oriented develop performance do not perform better than procedural development in the lack incentives environments which is for early completion of intermediate project tasks. This research indicates that functional-oriented method in industries program is better than object-oriented method. It can be seen that object-oriented methods and structural-oriented methods which has significant impact in software development are play the important role in software development. Object-oriented methods implement in software development can be easily reused, refined, tested, maintained and extended. Hence, the flexible development process in business is brought by object-oriented techniques. Functional-oriented methods in software development improve the program performance, centralized the program management and minimize the program statement. Thus, the functional-oriented techniques are extensively used in industries program. Although the object-oriented method can increase design quality and improve productivity in software development, function-oriented design will continue alongside to it because of a large amount of legacy code which has been designed using functional-oriented approach. Therefore, the view of object-oriented methods and functional-oriented method in software development indicate that both techniques are benefit on industrial used. In the future, software development designed method intends to combine functional and object-oriented approach and thereby the two models are related together to combine the two different views of system. Reference list Alpuente, M. Falaschi, M. vidal, G.. (1998). ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), [Online]. Available: http://portal.acm.org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au:2048/citation.cfm?id=291896coll=ACMdl=GUIDECFID=56778704CFTOKEN=45582611 [Accessed 9 Oct 2005] Broccoleri, M. Diega, S. N. L. Perrone, G. (2003). An Object-Oriented Approach for Flexible Manufacturing Control Systems Analysis and Design Using the Unified Modeling Language [Online], Vol. 15, Iss. 3; pg. 195. Available: Proquest5000 [09-10-2005] Chin, K. George, P. W. G. (1997). Controlling the Future: Object-Oriented Technologies and the Internet are making an Impact on the Future of Control Strategies [Online], Vol. 104, Iss. 12; pg. 74. Available: Proquest5000 [10-10-2005] Hoffer, J. A. George, J. F. Valacich, J. S (1999), Modern systems analysis and design(2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley, USA. Johnson, J.L(1997), Basic SQL, Database models, languages, design, Oxford University Press, New York. Naranayan, S. et al. (1998). Research in Object-Oriented Manufacturing Simulations: An Assessment of the state of the art [Online], Vol. 30, Iss 9: pg. 795, 16 pgs. Available: Proquest5000 [10-10-2005] Potok, T. E. Vouk, M.A.(1997), The effects of the business model on object-oriented software development productivity, IBM Systems Journal. vol. 36, Iss. 1 pg. 140, 22 pgs . Available: Proquest 5000 [Accessed 9 Oct 2005] Satzinger, J. W Jackson, B. R. Burd, S. D (2000), The traditional approach to requirements, Systems analysis and design in a changing world, Course Technology, Cambridge. Sodhi, J. Sodhi, P. (1996). Object-Oriented Methods for Software Development. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc. United States. Research Papers on Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method - Computer Science Research PaperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseDefinition of Export Quotas

Bloody System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bloody System - Essay Example As for the collection of the samples themselves, according to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, "starting in 1985, the American Red Cross and Food and Drug Administration policies prohibit accepting blood donations from gay/bisexual men, specifically from any "male who has had sex with another male since 1977, even once,"[5] or from IV drug users or recent immigrants from certain nations with high rates of HIV infection," ("Donation" p.1). This type of screening was found to be imperative in the quest of ensuring that the samples which were collected were not at any risk of contamination. Other disease typically checked for in the US screenings would be Hepatitis B, the antibody to Hepatitis C "anti-HCV" as well as the Nucleic Acid testing for HCV "anti-HCV" ("Donation p.1). The most notable difference when it comes to US and UK donation policy would be the manner in which how often individuals are allowed to donate their blood.

School Shootings and Focus Group Research Paper

School Shootings and Focus Group - Research Paper Example A scrutiny of the circumstances adjacent to the matter is then conducted to get the big picture: evaluating the condition while paying attention to risk or perceived risk, technical intricacy, jurisdiction, character of the conflict, intensity of the conflict, region extent and interests, geographic precincts, pecuniary allusions, media concerns, and the current public consultations. Problem definition: authentication or adjustment of the fundamental nature, progressive precision of the preliminary definition. There is an important need to comprehend and to take account of various viewpoints of all stakeholders in order to express their concerns. The principle of â€Å"it is better to be roughly correct than precisely incorrect† dominates this phase so as to determine overall priority for this problem. In the last 20 years, public policy elites and professors have been faced up to an option to adopt the customary positivist approach which is based on ratio ­nality, impartiality, and money matters e.g. Weimer and Vining (2004), or a post-positivist approach based on politics, partisanship, and egalitarianism e.g. Ander ­son (2006). In their book Public Policy Praxis: A Case Approach for Understanding Policy and Analysis Clemons & McBeth (2009), adopted a mixed approach, based on the improvement and training of cases. My argument is that; while the attitudes of the post-positivist of the facilitators are informative, have noticed the most imperative deficit in the growth of the policy sciences, and have put into account that ways to triumph over the market prejudice of the behavioral forms that remain greatly uninvestigated in the policy sciences, there has been little information on handle the conflicts posed by the two viewpoints which in some point contradict each other. Surveys presuppose that individuals be acquainted a well laid out knowledge of how they feel an assumption that

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism The origins of utilitarianism are often traced as far back as the Greek philosopher Epicurus but the main idea is thought to come from Jeremy Bentham who said that Utilitarian argument worked by nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. There are two main different types of utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will generate the most pleasure. The rule utilitarian, on the other hand, begins by looking at potential rules of action. To determine whether a rule should be followed, he looks at what would happen if it were constantly followed. Utilitarianism is a very solid and stable argument, I personally think that without knowing about it a lot of people use it to decide what to do, my example is what happened when I go home, I have two younger brothers and we always seem to fight over something, usually food, like the last bit of cake, or the last of the coca-cola. What my mum does without realising is a very Utilitarian idea, she says Oliver, you take three glasses and pour the coke out equally, then Giles and Theo, you choose. This way I try to pour all the glasses equally otherwise I get stuck with a really small glass of coke, because my greedy brothers would drink the glass with more in. Utilitarianism uses a lot of separate principles. Someone who accepts some of the principals but not others may be seen as a utilitarian. This mainly includes the whole of the human race. The Utilitarian argument has the strange ability to seem really obvious to who ever it benefits and completely wrong to the minority that it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t benefit. e.g. rapists. There is another problem that there are no ethical arguments which are agreed by everyone, for example in certain eastern countries, people believe that woman who cheat on there husbands should be stoned to death, where as the general western society believe that this is completely wrong. However there are some points most people agree on. Rape, theft and lying are seen as bad where as, giving, helping and healing are seen as good things One obvious thing that these things have in common is that most of the things agreed to be good are things which make people happy, and most of the things agreed to be bad are things which make most people miserable. Bentham realised that there should be some sort of scale on which happiness can be judged. Bentham did this by proposing the hedonic calculus. The hedonic calculus lists seven features of pleasure to which attention must be paid in order to assess how great it is: intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity, and extent. This scale allows us to find the act which leads to the greatest pleasure. However there was a Philosopher after Bentham called John Mill, John Mill was a child prodigy who was able to read several languages at an early age, and the son of a follower of Jeremy Bentham. Perhaps the greatest British philosopher of the nineteenth century, Mill maintained that the well being of the individual was of greatest importance and that happiness is most effectively gained when individuals are free to pursue their own ends so long as they keep with the rules that protect the common good of all. While mill accepted the utility principle of the greatest good for t he greatest number he was concerned about the difficulty raised when for example there is the story of the bridge operator. The bridge operator took his son to work with him. He delighted in telling his little boy how everything worked and how important his job was, since hundreds of people relied on him to raise and lower this bridge so they could travel safely from place to place. The little boy beamed with pride as his father explained his job. He also greatly admired all of the switches that controlled the huge gears. But after a couple of hours of observing his father work, the boy grew bored, so his father sent him out to play. A short while later, the bridge operator realized that it was almost time for him to lower the bridge so the 5 p.m. commuter train could cross. But, as he was about to pull the switch that would lower the bridge, he glanced out the window to see that his son had apparently been climbing on the gears; and his foot was stuck. In fact, he was wedged betwee n the huge gears; alive, but trapped;and unable to free himself. The engineer was about to hurry to help his son when he heard the train whistle in the distance. Suddenly he realized that he did not have sufficient time to free his son, return to the control box, and lower the bridge in time for the passenger train to cross safely. But if he pulled the switch to lower the bridge, his little boy would be crushed in the massive turning gears in which he was entangled. He was forced to make a horrible choice: either his son would be killed, or a trainload of passengers would plunge to their deaths in the river below. Mill thought if the greatest good for the greatest number was purely quantities based on the quantities of pleasure and pain caused what would stop one persons pleasure from that act. To address this difficulty Mill focused on qualities pleasures. He developed a system of higher and lower pleasures preferring the higher pleasures to the lower ones. Mill said It is better t o be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied: better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied Benthams theory has a number of clear benefits. It seems reasonable to link morality with the pursuit of happiness and the avoidance of pain and misery and this connection would receive popular support. It also seems natural to consider the consequences of our actions when deciding what to do, utilitarianism offers a balanced democratic morality that promotes the general happiness. However there are a number of difficulties with utilitarianism the first difficulty concerns all theorys that rely on the consequences for deciding which actions are good. Need to be sure that what I think will come about as a result of particular action will actually come about. Utilitarianism depends upon accurate predictions.

Policing Levels, Roles, and Functions

As a Police Chief and seeing and experiencing a high degree of turnover in the department heads, and having to do a budget for the new fiscal year. This could be a trying time. Now the Mayor wants to hold a workshop with all the department heads and this is going to be tricky in getting everything done. The information that I will need to put together are:†¢Budget †¢Training †¢ManpowerIn addition, reports on crime and critical issues facing the city. Let us talk about the budget first! Here are the steps that I need to take: †¢I need to come up with a reasonable objective to the new fiscal year. As the Chief, I should have a preliminary figure and it should be realistic. I know that I can tweak it throughout the year. †¢I also know to consult other members of the department. For the reason that they know more about the day – to – day operation. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Analyze inflow. Realistic expectations of income require analysis of the preceding budge ts. Before inputting preliminary numbers, compare month – to – month, quarter – to – quarter, and year – to – year figures from the previous year.†(n.d., Withrow)†¢Analyze outflow. Determine the unexpected expenses that might have an important factor on the budget. For instance, anyone retiring, any layoffs, possible hiring, training and any cost training and equipment for new employees. In addition, is any office equipment in need of updating? †¢Now to prepare the budget. Before I do the final draft, I should consult with other department managers. For the reason it could have an impact on the budget.Budgets need to be adjusting in order to have everything you need to run an operation. Now let us talk about training. As more and more higher-level officers are approaching retirement age and are retiring early, this is a problem for many police departments. Some will ignore the problem or would not think there is a crisis. Now I need to implement a Succession Planning Program to replace those that are leaving. For the most part, I do  have a plan to replace people leaving the department, but I do not have one for supervisors and managers. â€Å"The successor program I need to develop are more critical path in replacing investigators, specialists, supervisors, and managers,†(June 2006, Michaelson). Usually the human resource is responsible for developing future supervisors and managers programs. It is to my benefit to help the human resource office in developing a new program for future leaders.We could â€Å"develop the necessary skills or competencies based experiential set of scenarios, assignments, rotations, mentoring and coaching opportunities, and evaluations not only to provide the candidates with this experience but also to enable the agency to gain the benefit from this experience and information.†(June 2006, Michealson). I can assign young officers with veteran officers and give them opportunity to carry out a few tasks:†¢Ã¢â‚¬ Plan an event †¢Write a training bulletin †¢Review and make recommendations to improve or update department policies or procedures†¢Conduct training †¢Conduct research †¢Write a proposal †¢Write a grant †¢Write a newsletter article †¢Manage a committee write a report on the committee's actions and recommendations, evaluate the committee's success, and make a presentation on the committee's findings. †¢Assess equipment and supplies, research replacement costs and options, and recommend replacing or updating them †¢Counsel peers†¢Become mentor to young officers and college students †¢Make a presentation to a local community group †¢Conduct a program evaluation with recommendations †¢Write contingency plans†¢Write after – action plans †¢Work on unit effectiveness report, to include use of statistical analysis †¢Review the department's and the jurisdiction's master plan †¢Review staffing and budget requirements for the current and upcoming fiscal year †¢Determine how staffing and budget will affect the role of Sergeants and Lieutenants.† (June 2006,Michaelson).Even doing this I cannot forget the responsibilities of the â€Å"individual preparation for leadership, which requires:†¢Undertaking a formal academic course of study †¢Taking a team leadership role in department activities †¢Participating and leading in civil opportunities, such as parent – teacher associations and civic clubs †¢Networking with peers †¢Engaging in intellectual discussion groups†¢Attending voluntary conferences and training sessions †¢Reading the professional literature †¢Studying national and local reports and analyzing the reports results †¢Using the Web as a resource †¢Serving as a guest lecturer in college class or accepting other speaking engagement †¢Engaging i n research and reporting the findings.† (June 2006, Michaelson).In developing all of this, I still need to have all of it documented. This way I have the accomplishments and failures of them. Then I can advance them as needed. If my police department ends up becoming short of officers due to them leaving, retiring, etc. I could implement a program called Part-Time Reserve Police Officers. â€Å"Their responsibilities would consist of:†¢City hall security detail †¢Police department lobby entrance staffing to assist visitors †¢Increased law enforcement presence during special events †¢Prisoners transport and guarding for court appearances, medical care, and interjurisdictional transports †¢Uniform patrol augmental when staffing shortages occur as a result of long – term illnesses, injuries, workers' compensation leave, vacations, training, and so on †¢Supplemental resource for section commanders when incidents or details develop †¢Resou rce for disaster  incidents such as floods.† (January 2012, Williams, Crowe, and Lowe)â€Å"PTR police officers have reduced employment costs because part-time employees do ot earn vacation or sick time, holiday pay does not apply, and health care and retirement benefits are not available. These officers are issued department equipment and are covered by workers' compensation insurance for work-related medical incidents.† (January 2012, Williams, Crowe, Lowe)Now for crime report and critical issues, my sergeants and lieutenants could give me this information. Therefore, I would do these things as Chief of police. In which the budget, work force, training, crime report and the critical issue report, would be met for the fiscal year and for the workshop.

Positivism Theory Essay

Positivism, (also referred to as ‘empiricism’) is often used to indicate that this approach to understanding criminality is scientific. The term ‘positivism ‘ (or in its more sophisticated form â€Å"Logical Positivism†) is often used to refer to an approach that asserts it utilizes science or the scientific method (their version of science) to understand the causes of criminality and thus the solutions to solving it. Positivism is an epistemological position or a theory of knowledge which assets that science is based upon theories that have been induced from and only from empirical evidence or the evidence of the senses (hence the term ‘empirical’ or that which can be experienced by the senses). Positivists reject any evidence that cannot be objectively experienced or observed such as that derived from tradition, faith, magic, religion, philosophy or any other form of knowledge or belief that does not have an empirical basis. Thus they want to explain criminal behaviour by reference to causes that can be observed or measured. Causes have to be material and observable – biological positivists look at biological observables such as anatomical abnormalities, identifiable genetic or gene patterns, bodily movements etc. Psychological positivists will also look at biological observables but will add behavioural factors, child rearing practices and brain abnormalities that cause identifiable behaviour outcomes. Many modern scientists have virtually discredited positivism in favour of what we call the hypothetico-deductionist approach or a falsficationist approach. This approach begins with theoretical conjectures (or hypotheses) and then seeks to prove or disprove them by means of empirical evidence. However, whatever the differences in method both positivism and hypothetico-deductionism seek empirical evidence for their theoretical positions. Implicit in these approaches is the idea that the scientist is an objective disinterested observer of natural events with no preconceptions about them. In the case of physics these natural events or laws are said to be found in nature itself as, for example, in the study of such phenomena as the movement of the planets around the Sun, the effect of gravity on the tides and the phenomenon of the seasons created by the movement of the Earth around the Sun. In these cases the object of study is seen as governed by universal natural laws which the scientist has to discover. When this approach is applied in the human or social sciences we have to understand our object of study (i. e. human beings or societies) as also governed or regulated by rules that the scientist has to discover. Thus Biological Criminologists will use data from such sources as twin studies, family studies, genetic patterns, biochemical aspects and so on – anything that can be studied by means of ‘objective’, methods and which may throw up some biological explanation of that behaviour or a principle or a law that explains that behaviour. It follows that in positivist criminality, ‘criminals’ are identified as certain kinds Of human beings who are governed by events or natural phenomena that have been set in place by something external to them and, in a sense, beyond their control. Thus ‘criminals’ do not make decisions about their criminal behaviour they are, as it were, caused to behave in this way by factors that operate in a sense, ‘behind their backs’. Thus, so-called abstract views of human nature such as that they are rational and use reason in making choices about their actions have to be discarded as a cause of behaviour in favour of non-rational causes such as determination by such things as biological inheritance or forms of social conditioning or, in many cases, a combination of both (as in Eysenck). Positivists aim is to identify those with criminal tendencies – or those already classified as criminals and use them as their data base. Their goal is to ascertain what has caused their criminality and then to look for ways of ‘correcting’ such criminality or, even better, to ascertain those with tendencies for criminality (before hopefully they commit a crime) and to put some preventative measures in place. Biological positivists generally look for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. A well know example is that of ‘Klinenfelter’s Syndrome’ where a study of known criminals identified was said to be an extra ‘y’ chromosome.

Debates On Global Warming - 658 Words

I. Global Warming: Fact or Fiction A. Background of the debate on the perceived global warming phenomenon 1. Temperature increase 2. Disparity and the reasons why B. Arguments for the perceived fact of human influence on global warming 1. The greenhouse effect 2. Global disaster C. Arguments that human influence on global warming is fictitious 1. Amount of CO2 2. Natural reasons for global warming One of the most longstanding and most passionately debated topics in the scientific community today is based on conceptions of global warming. The one aspect that the scientific community seems to agree on is the fact that since the mid to late 19th century, just prior to the Industrial Age, the earth has increased its annual median temperature. Some scientific theories, however, state that this effect has largely to do with humanitys propensity for burning fossil fuels, and speculate that this tendency will wreak devastating consequences on the earth due to this fact. On the other side of the debate lies those who state that these perceived effects of global warming is a hoax, as is the effect of humanity on the earths average median temperature, Proponents that claim global warming is a fact that is largely in response to mankinds penchant for burning fossil fuels since the advent of the 20th century back up this assertion by alluding to the greenhouse effect. According to this gre enhouse theory, the fossil fuels that are released into the earthsShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Of Global Warming894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Debate of Global Warming Climate change is a hot-button topic in politics, conversation, and education. Both sides of the ongoing debate claim disastrous consequences. On one hand, the view of an economic focus could make the market worse. On the other, the end of life as we know it. This is a comparison essay between Al Gore s documentary a vocal advocate for global warming reform and a film made by deniers. 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